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.................................................................................. The State of Planet Earth and Us.
How
we know the world
How
many of us are aware that a lilac in front of a blue background appears
red while the same lilac in front of a red background appears blue?
It
is important to recognize this phenomenon. It demonstrates that to
register something accurately and then describe it and relate to it
appropriately, we must take the whole scene, including the background,
into consideration.
When
we look at industrial society with this phenomenon in mind, we see that
industrial society functions exceedingly well in its ability to produce
goods, services and profits. However, it is destructive and dysfunctional with
respect to supporting the well-being of human nervous systems and
ecosystems.
Out
mentality and psyche determine how we choose to behave. We are socially
and environmentally dysfunctional because, with respect to nature, the
"industrial" way we think unnecessarily stresses injures or kills
natural systems, including those in us.
Our
mind is a natural system and industrial society has injuriously
captured and stressed it. For this reason, our thinking seldom promotes
or sustains balanced relationships with natural systems within and
about us.
We
suffer our troubles because our consciousness and thinking are our
destiny and they are sick. The well-being of the world is at risk until
we lean to use a potent antidote to cure our mental dysfunction and its
adverse effects personal and global effects.
The
antidote is readily available to those who care and want to help others
learn to use it.
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tool that helps us learn and teach how to supportively think in balance
with natural systems.
EARTH DAY PLUS THIRTY, AS
SEEN BY THE EARTH
By
Donella Meadows, adjunct professor at Dartmouth College. Used
with permission
If,
in the thirty Earth Day celebrations we have held since 1970, the human
population and economy have become any more respectful of the Earth,
the Earth hasn't noticed.
The
planet is not impressed by fancy speeches. Leonardo DiCaprio
interviewing Bill Clinton about global warming is not an Earth-shaking
event. The Earth has no way of registering good intentions or future
inventions or high hopes. It doesn't even pay attention to dollars,
which are, from a planet's point of view, just a charming human
invention. Planets measure only physical things-energy and materials
and their flows into and out of the changing populations of living
creatures.
What
the Earth sees is that on the first Earth Day in 1970 there were 3.7
billion of those hyperactive critters called humans, and now there are
over 6 billion.
Back
in 1970 those humans drew from the Earth's crust 46 million barrels of
oil every day-now they draw 78 million.
Natural
gas extraction has nearly tripled in thirty years, from 34 trillion
cubic feet per year to 95 trillion. We mined 2.2 billion metric tons in
1970; this year we'll mine about 3.8 billion. The planet feels this
fossil fuel use in many ways, as the fuels are extracted (and spilled)
and shipped (and spilled) and refined (generating toxics) and burned
into numerous pollutants, including carbon dioxide, which traps
outgoing energy and warms things up. Despite global conferences and
brave promises, what the Earth notices is that human carbon emissions
have increased from 3.9 million metric tons in 1970 to an estimated 6.4
million this year, 2000.
You
would think that an unimaginably huge thing like a planet would not
notice the one degree (Fahrenheit) warming it has experienced since
1970. But on the scale of a whole planet, one degree is a big deal,
especially since it is not spread evenly. The poles have warmed more
than the equator, the winters more than the summers, the nights more
than the days. That means that temperature DIFFERENCES from one place
to another have been changing much more than the average temperature
has changed. Temperature differences are what make winds blow, rains
rain, ocean current flow.
All
creatures, including humans, are exquisitely attuned to the weather.
All creatures, including us, are noticing weather weirdness and trying
to adjust, by moving, by fruiting earlier or migrating later, by
building up whatever protections are possible against flood and
drought. The Earth is reacting to weather changes too, shrinking
glaciers, splitting off nation-sized chunks of Antarctic ice sheet,
enhancing the cycles we call El Nino and La Nina.
"Earth
Day, Shmearth Day," the planet must be thinking as its fever mounts.
"Are you folks ever going to take me seriously?"
Since
the first Earth Day our global vehicle population has swelled from 246
to 730 million. Air traffic has gone up by a factor of six. The rate at
which we grind up trees to make paper has doubled (to 200 million
metric tons per year). We coax from the soil, with the help of strange
chemicals, 2.25 times as much wheat, 2.5 times as much corn, 2.2 times
as much rice, almost twice as much sugar, almost four times as many
soybeans as we did thirty years ago. We pull from the oceans almost
twice as much fish.
With
the fish we can see clearly how the planet behaves, when we push it too
far. It does not feel sorry for us; it just follows its own rules. Fish
become harder and harder to find. If they are caught before they're old
enough to reproduce, if their nursery habitat is destroyed, if we scoop
up not only the cod, but the capelin upon which the cod feeds, the fish
may never come back. The Earth does not care that we didn't mean it,
that we promise not to do it again, that we make nice gestures every
Earth Day.
We
have among us die-hard optimists who will berate me for not reporting
the good news since the last Earth Day. There is plenty of it, but it
is mostly measured in human terms, not Earth terms. Average human life
expectancy has risen since 1970 from 58 to 66 years. Gross world
product has more than doubled, from 16 to 39 trillion dollars.
Recycling has increased, but so has trash generation, so the Earth
receives more garbage than ever before. Wind and solar power generation
have soared, but so have coal-fired, gas-fired and nuclear generation.
In
human terms there has been breathtaking progress. In 1970 there weren't
any cell phones or video players. There was no Internet; there were no
dot-coms. Nor was anyone infected with AIDS, of course, nor did we have
to worry about genetic engineering. Global spending on advertising was
only one-third of what it is now (in inflation-corrected dollars).
Third-World debt was one-eighth of what it is now.
Whether
you call any of that progress, it is all beneath the notice of the
Earth. What the Earth sees is that its species are vanishing at a rate
it hasn't seen in 65 million years. That 40 percent of its agricultural
soils have been degraded. That half its forests have disappeared and
half its wetlands have been filled or drained, and that despite Earth
Day, all these trends are accelerating.
Earth
Day is beginning to remind me of Mother's Day, a commercial occasion
upon which you buy flowers for the person who, every other day of the
year, cleans up after you. Guilt-assuaging. Trivializing. Actually
dangerous. All mothers have their breaking points. Mother Earth does
not soften hers with patience or forgiveness or sentimentality.
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with natural systems..
Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change Report
July, 2001
3,000
scientists involved in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
have given their unqualified backing to the argument that global
warming is taking place and at a much faster rate than was expected.
The Panel established by the United Nations and the World
Meteorological Organisation stated that temperatures were rising more
quickly than at any time in the past 1,000 years. Experts are warning
that this will put millions of people at risk with a future of floods,
droughts and landslides if predictions are correct. Poorer countries
will be the most vulnerable if temperatures rise by as much as 5.8 34C
as predicted by the end of the century. Plants and animals will
disappear and many developing countries depend more heavily on water
and agriculture for survival will suffer.
Strong
evidence depicts that over the past 540 years human activities such as
the burning of fossil fuels has speeded up the global warming process.
The IPCC report said that the concentration of carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere is now at its highest for 400,000 years. Politicians from
more than 150 countries meet in Germany next week to try to salvage the
Kyoto agreement.
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with natural systems.
Siberian and Artic Tundra
Melting From Global Warming Releases Methane Gas that Increases the
Warming Process.
August 11, 2005
The
world's largest frozen peat bog is melting. An area stretching for a
million square kilometres across the permafrost of western Siberia is
turning into a mass of shallow lakes as the ground melts, according to
Russian researchers just back from the region.
The
sudden melting of a bog the size of France and Germany combined could
unleash billions of tonnes of methane, a potent greenhouse gas, into
the atmosphere.
The
news of the dramatic transformation of one of the world's least visited
landscapes comes from Sergei Kirpotin, a botanist at Tomsk State
University, Russia, and Judith Marquand at the University of Oxford.
Kirpotin
describes an "ecological landslide that is probably irreversible and is
undoubtedly connected to climatic warming". He says that the entire
western Siberian sub-Arctic region has begun to melt, and this "has all
happened in the last three or four years".
Siberia's
peat bogs formed around 11,000 years ago at the end of the last ice
age. Since then they have been generating methane, most of which has
been trapped within the permafrost, and sometimes deeper in ice-like
structures known as clathrates. Larry Smith of the University of
California, Los Angeles, estimates that the west Siberian bog alone
contains some 70 billion tonnes of methane, a quarter of all the
methane stored on the land surface worldwide.
His
colleague Karen Frey says if the bogs dry out as they warm, the methane
will oxidise and escape into the air as carbon dioxide. But if the bogs
remain wet, as is the case in western Siberia today, then the methane
will be released straight into the atmosphere. Methane is 20 times as
potent a greenhouse gas as carbon dioxide.
In
May this year, Katey Walter of the University of Alaska Fairbanks told
a meeting in Washington of the Arctic Research Consortium of the US
that she had found methane hotspots in eastern Siberia, where the gas
was bubbling from thawing permafrost so fast it was preventing the
surface from freezing, even in the midst of winter.
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with natural systems..
The United Nations
Millennium Forum Declaration reports
The
statistics shift slightly from year to year and from report to report
but they are, nevertheless, always shocking to our sense of
humanity.
- Some
840 million people remain malnourished,
- 1.3
billion do not have access to clean water,
- One
in seven children of primary school age is out of school.
- An
estimated 1.5 billion people subsist on less than one US dollar per day
- Some
2.8 billion subsist on less than two dollars a day.
- As
of the most recent count, there were some 35 armed conflicts raging in
theworld.
- The
weapons and the disagreements that could lead to worldwide war of
horrific destruction still exist.
To see how this translates
to you as an individual, visit our Global
Overview
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Nature Journal:
International Consortium of Scientists Report
October,
2001: A shocking and groundbreaking new scientific study by an
international consortium of scientists has concluded that humanity's
assault on the
environment has left many ecosystems - from coral reefs and tropical
forests to lakes and coastal waters - in such a fragile state that the
slightest disturbance, from a dry spell to a fire or flood, may push
them into a catastrophic collapse. The study, published in the
prestigious journal NATURE, found that human impacts on many of the
world's ecosystems could cause them to abruptly shift with little or no
warning from their apparently stable natural condition to very
different, diminished conditions far less able to support diversity of
life, including human.
"Models have predicted this, but only in recent years has enough
evidence accumulated to tell us that resilience of many important
ecosystems has become undermined to the point that even the slightest
disturbance can make them collapse," said Marten Scheffer, an ecologist
at the University of Wageningen in the Netherlands and lead author of
the study.
Conventional scientific and conservation thinking has been that
ecosystems such as lakes, oceans, coral reefs, woodlands or deserts
respond slowly and steadily to climate change, nutrient pollution,
habitat degradation and other human environmental impacts. But the new
study shatters this paradigm, finding instead that, after decades of
continuous change imposed by human activity, many of the world's
natural ecosystems are now susceptible to sudden catastrophic change.
In dramatic contrast to conventional environmental thinking, the
investigators paint a picture of unexpectedly sudden, drastic switches
of state, from lush, lake-dotted forests teeming with plants and
animals to scorching, parched deserts devoid of all but the hardiest of
lifeforms, for example.
"In approaching questions about deforestation or endangered species or
global climate change, we work on the premise that an ounce of
pollution equals an ounce of damage," said co-author Jonathan Foley, a
University of Wisconsin-Madison climatologist and director of the
Center for Sustainability and the Global Environment at the Institute
for Environmental Studies at UW-Madison. "It turns out that assumption
is entirely incorrect. Ecosystems may go on for years exposed to
pollution or climate changes without showing any change at all and then
suddenly they may flip into an entirely different condition, with
little warning ornone at all."
"The idea that nature can suddenly flip from one kind of condition to
another is sobering," said Foley, who said that such changes can be
irreversible. "For hundreds of years, we've been taught to think in
very linear ways; we like to think of nature as being simple. But now
we know that we can't count on ecosystems to act in nice simple ways."
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systems.
UN paints grim global
picture.
Time running out for ecology, report warns; new threat is found
By
Rosalind Russell, Reuters, 09/22/99
NAIROBI
- It is too late to halt global warming and time is quickly running out
to prevent other potential environmental catastrophes, the UN's
environment agency said in a major report yesterday.
''Global
Environment Outlook 2000'' offers a gloomy view of the planet's
condition on the eve of the next millennium. It points to new threats -
such as increased levels of nitrogen in the water supply - that the
world has not yet tackled.
''The
gains made by better management and technology are still being outpaced
by the environmental impacts of population and economic growth. We are
on an unsustainable course,'' Klaus Toepfer, head of the United Nations
Environment Program, said at the launch of the report in Nairobi.
The
report says emissions of greenhouse gases that cause global warming
have quadrupled since the 1950s, and that ''binding'' targets to reduce
emissions, agreed by governments at the summit last year in Kyoto,
Japan, may not be met.
The
rate at which humans are destroying the environment is accelerating,
often because of excessive consumption by the rich, and to the
detriment of the poor.
About
20 percent of the world's population lack access to safe drinking
water, and 50 percent have no access to a sanitation system. This state
of affairs will deteriorate as the world's population, set to reach 6
billion next month, will increase by 50 percent in the next 50 years.
Eighty
percent of the world's original forest cover has been cleared or
degraded, and logging and mining projects threaten 39 percent of what
forest remains.
A
quarter of mammal species are at risk of extinction, while more than
half the world's coral reefs are threatened by human activity.
There
were 850 contributors to the report, which took two and a half years to
compile, and which highlights some lesser-known environmental problems.
Disasters
such as hurricanes and forest fires are increasing in frequency and
severity, and have killed 3 million people in the past three decades.
Armed conflicts and refugee flows are causing greater damage to the
environment than ever before.
There
is also mounting evidence that humans are seriously destabilizing the
global nitrogen balance. Huge amounts of nitrogen are being deposited
on land and in water through intensive agriculture and the burning of
fossil fuels.
Eventually,
this problem could make fresh-water supplies unfit for human
consumption, the report says.
''The
full extent of the damage is only now becoming apparent as we begin to
piece together a comprehensive overview of the extremely complex,
interconnected web that is our life support system,'' said Toepfer, a
former German environment minister.
Much
of the damage is irreparable, but through a huge mobilization of
resources and political will, much can be done to prevent further
destruction, the report says.
A
long-term target of a 90 percent reduction in the consumption of raw
materials in industrialized countries may seem far-fetched, but without
it hundreds of millions of people will be condemned to a life of
suffering, the report concludes.
This
story ran on page A05 of the Boston Globe on 09/22/99.
©
Copyright 1999 Globe Newspaper Company.
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An Overview from B.F.
Skinner, 1971 (via Uri Cogan)
"In trying to solve the terrifying problems that face us in the world
today, we naturally turn to the things we do best. We play from
strength, and our strength is science and technology. To contain a
population explosion we look for better methods of birth control.
Threatened by a nuclear holocaust, we build bigger deterrent forces and
anti-ballistic-missile systems. We try to stave off world famine with
new foods and better ways of growing them. Improved sanitation and
medicine will, we hope, control disease, better housing and
transportation will solve the problems of the ghettos, and new ways of
reducing or disposing of waste will stop the pollution of the
environment. We can point to remarkable achievements in all these
fields, and it is not surprising that we should try to extend them. But
things grow steadily worse and it is disheartening to find that
technology itself is increasingly at fault. Sanitation and medicine
have made the problems of population more acute, war has acquired a new
horror with the invention of nuclear weapons, and the affluent pursuit
of happiness is largely responsible for pollution. As Darlington has
said, 'Every new source from which man has increased his power on the
earth has been used to diminish the prospects of his successors. All
his progress has been made at the expense of damage to his environment
which he cannot repair and could not forsee."
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SUMMARY
of reports from the Union of
Concerned Scientists
Human
culture now has the potential to inflict irreversible damage on the
environment and on its life sustaining systems and resources. Already,
critical stress suffered by our environment is clearly manifest in the
air, water, and soil, our climate, and plant and animal species. Should
this deterioration be allowed to continue, we can expect to alter the
living world to the extent that it will be unable to sustain life as we
know it.
Indiscriminate
dumping of toxic, nuclear, and biomedical waste and environmental
disasters of enormous scale have begun to cut deep scars into the
Earth's ecosystem and disrupt its delicate ecological balance. Global
warming, though to be resulting from increased levels of carbon dioxide
in the atmosphere from fossil fuel use and from deforestation, may have
the potential to alter climate on a massive scale. Air pollution near
ground level and acid precipitation, and stratospheric ozone depletion
causing enhanced ultra-violet radiation at the earth's surface, are
causing widespread injury to human and animal populations, forests and
crops. Our remaining rainforests and many wild forest regions,
essential to worldwide ecological balance, are slated for clear cutting
due to poor management policies.
Uncontrolled
exploitation of depletable ground water supplies have endangered food
production and other essential human systems and heavy demands for
surface waters have resulted in serious shortages in many countries.
Pollution of rivers, lakes and ground water has further limited the
supply of potable water. Destructive pressure on the oceans is severe.
Rivers carrying heavy burdens of eroded soil into the seas also contain
toxic industrial, municipal, agricultural, and livestock waste. With
the marine catch at or above the maximum sustainable yield, some
fisheries are already showing signs of collapse.
Soil
productivity is on the decline and per capita food production in many
parts of the world is decreasing, as a result of destructive
agriculture and animal husbandry practices. Already, more than ten
percent of the earth's vegetated surface has been degraded, an area
larger than India and China combined.
Over
one third of the valuable topsoil used to grow the grains that feed
much of the world has blown or washed away. This desertification,
caused by overgrazing domestic animals and by over-cultivation,
salinization, and deforestation, has already impacted over 35 percent
of the land surface of the earth (United Nations Environmental
Program). Desertification has caused many millions to abandon the land,
lacking the bare essentials of survival, they have migrated to urban
slums, where all that awaits them are meager government relief packages
and poverty wages.
We
are fast approaching many of the earth's limits; its ability to provide
for growing numbers of people, to provide food and energy, and to
absorb wastes and destructive effluent. Current economic practices
which damage the environment, in both developed and underdeveloped
nations, cannot be continued without the risk that vital global systems
will be damaged beyond repair.
No
more than a few decades remain before the chance to avert the threats
we now confront will be lost and the prospects for humanity
immeasurably diminished. We must begin to bring environmentally
damaging activities under control to restore and protect the integrity
of the earth's ecosystems. The greatest peril is to become trapped in
spirals of environmental decline, poverty, and unrest, leading to
worldwide social, economic and environmental collapse from which we may
be unable to recover.
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Most Recent State of the
Earth Report
from the United Nations Environment Programme
"From
a global perspective the environment has continued to degrade during
the past decade, and significant environmental problems remain deeply
embedded in the socio-economic fabric of nations in all regions.
Progress towards a global sustainable future is just too slow. A sense
of urgency is lacking. Internationally and nationally, the funds and
political will are insufficient to halt further global environmental
degradation and to address the most pressing environmental issues-even
though technology and knowledge are available to do so.
The
recognition of environmental issues as necessarily long-term and
cumulative, with serious global and security implications, remains
limited. The reconciliation of environment and trade regimes in a fair
and equitable mannerstill remains a major challenge. The continued
preoccupation with immediate local and national issues and a general
lack of sustained interest in global and long-term environmental issues
remain major impediments to environmental progress internationally.
Global governance structures and global environmental solidarity remain
too weak to make progress a world-wide reality. As a result, the gap
between what has been done thus far and what is realistically needed is
widening.
Comprehensive
response mechanisms have not yet been fully internalized at the
national level. The development at local, national, and regional levels
of effective environmental legislation and of fiscal and economic
instruments has not kept pace with the increase in environmental
institutions. In the private sector, environmental advances by several
major transnational corporations are not reflected widely in the
practices of small- and medium-sized companies that form the backbone
of economies in many countries.
In
the future, the continued degradation of natural resources,
shortcomings in environmental responses, and renewable resource
constraints may increasingly lead to food insecurity and conflict
situations. Changes in global biogeochemical cycles and the complex
interactions between environmental problems such as climate change,
ozone depletion, and acidification may have impacts that will confront
local, regional, and global communities with situations they are
unprepared for. Previously unknown risks to human health are becoming
evident from the cumulative and persistent effects of a whole range of
chemicals, particularly the persistent organic pollutants. The effects
of climate variability and change are already increasing the incidence
of familiar public health problems and leading to new ones, including a
more extensive reach of vectorborne diseases and a higher incidence of
heat-related illness and mortality. If significant major policy reforms
are not implemented quickly, the future might hold more such surprises.
GEO-1
substantiates the need for the world to embark on major structural
changes and to pursue environmental and associated socio-economic
policies vigorously. Key areas for action must embrace the use of
alternative and renewableenergy resources, cleaner and leaner
production systems world-wide, and concerted global action for the
protection and conservation of the world's finite and irreplaceable
fresh-water resources."
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Continued
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